श्लोकः
अर्जुन उवाच
ये शास्त्रविधिमुत्सृज्य यजन्ते श्रद्धयान्विताः ।
तेषां निष्ठा तु का कृष्ण सत्त्वमाहो रजस्तमः ॥ 1 ॥
Meaning
अर्जुनः उवाच — Arjuna said; ये — those who; शास्त्र-विधिम् — the regulations of scripture; उत्सृज्य — giving up; यजन्ते — worship; श्रद्धया — full faith; अन्विताः — possessed of; तेषाम् — of them; निष्ठा — the faith; तु — but; का — what; कृष्ण — O Kriṣṇa; सत्त्वम् — in goodness; आहो — or else; रजः — in passion; तमः — in ignorance.
Translation
Arjuna inquired: O Kriṣṇa, what is the situation of those who do not follow the principles of scripture but worship according to their own imagination? Are they in goodness, in passion or in ignorance?
श्लोकः
श्रीभगवानुवाच
त्रिविधा भवति श्रद्धा देहिनां सा स्वभावजा ।
सात्त्विकी राजसी चैव तामसी चेति तां शऋणु ॥ 2 ॥
Meaning
श्री-भगवान् उवाच — the Supreme Personality of Godhead said; त्रि-विधा — of three kinds; भवति — becomes; श्रद्धा — the faith; देहिनाम् — of the embodied; सा — that; स्व-भाव-जा — according to his mode of material nature; सात्त्विकी — in the mode of goodness; राजसी — in the mode of passion; च — also; एव — certainly; तामसी — in the mode of ignorance; च — and; इति — thus; ताम् — that; शृणु — hear from Me.
Translation
The Supreme Personality of Godhead said: According to the modes of nature acquired by the embodied soul, one’s faith can be of three kinds – in goodness, in passion or in ignorance. Now hear about this.
श्लोकः
सत्त्वानुरूपा सर्वस्य श्रद्धा भवति भारत ।
श्रद्धामयोऽयं पुरुषो यो यच्छ्रद्धः स एव सः ॥ 3 ॥
Meaning
सत्त्व-अनुरूपा — according to the existence; सर्वस्य — of everyone; श्रद्धा — faith; भवति — becomes; भारत — O son of Bharata; श्रद्धा — faith; मयः — full of; अयम् — this; पुरुषः — living entity; यः — who; यत् — having which; श्रद्धः — faith; सः — thus; एव — certainly; सः — he.
Translation
O son of Bharata, according to one’s existence under the various modes of nature, one evolves a particular kind of faith. The living being is said to be of a particular faith according to the modes he has acquired.
श्लोकः
यजन्ते सात्त्विका देवान्यक्षरक्षांसि राजसाः ।
प्रेतान्भूतगणांश्चान्ये यजन्ते तामसा जनाः ॥ 4 ॥
Meaning
यजन्ते — worship; सात्त्विकाः — those who are in the mode of goodness; देवान् — demigods; यक्ष-रक्षांसि — demons; राजसाः — those who are in the mode of passion; प्रेतान् — spirits of the dead; भूत-गणान् — ghosts; च — and; अन्ये — others; यजन्ते — worship; तामसाः — in the mode of ignorance; जनाः — people.
Translation
Men in the mode of goodness worship the demigods; those in the mode of passion worship the demons; and those in the mode of ignorance worship ghosts and spirits.
श्लोकः
अशास्त्रविहितं घोरं तप्यन्ते ये तपो जनाः ।
दम्भाहङ्कारसंयुक्ताः कामरागबलान्विताः ॥ 5 ॥
कर्षयन्तः शरीरस्थं भूतग्राममचेतसः ।
मां चैवान्तः शरीरस्थं तान्विद्ध्यासुरनिश्चयान् ॥ 6 ॥
Meaning
अशास्त्र — not in the scriptures; विहितम् — directed; घोरम् — harmful to others; तप्यन्ते — undergo; ये — those who; तपः — austerities; जनाः — persons; दम्भ — with pride; अहङ्कार — and egoism; संयुक्ताः — engaged; काम — of lust; राग — and attachment; बल — by the force; अन्विताः — impelled; कर्षयन्तः — tormenting; शरीर-स्थम् — situated within the body; भूत-ग्रामम् — the combination of material elements; अचेतसः — having a misled mentality; माम् — Me; च — also; एव — certainly; अन्तः — within; शरीर-स्थम् — situated in the body; तान् — them; विद्धि — understand; आसुर-निश्चयान् — demons.
Translation
Those who undergo severe austerities and penances not recommended in the scriptures, performing them out of pride and egoism, who are impelled by lust and attachment, who are foolish and who torture the material elements of the body as well as the Supersoul dwelling within, are to be known as demons.
श्लोकः
आहारस्त्वपि सर्वस्य त्रिविधो भवति प्रियः ।
यज्ञस्तपस्तथा दानं तेषां भेदमिमं शऋणु ॥ 7 ॥
Meaning
आहारः — eating; तु — certainly; अपि — also; सर्वस्य — of everyone; त्रि-विधः — of three kinds; भवति — there is; प्रियः — dear; यज्ञः — sacrifice; तपः — austerity; तथा — also; दानम् — charity; तेषाम् — of them; भेदम् — the differences; इमम् — this; शृणु — hear.
Translation
Even the food each person prefers is of three kinds, according to the three modes of material nature. The same is true of sacrifices, austerities and charity. Now hear of the distinctions between them.
श्लोकः
आयुःसत्त्वबलारोग्यसुखप्रीतिविवर्धनाः ।
रस्याः स्निग्धाः स्थिरा हृद्या आहाराः सात्त्विकप्रियाः ॥ 8 ॥
Meaning
आयुः — duration of life; सत्त्व — existence; बल — strength; आरोग्य — health; सुख — happiness; प्रीति — and satisfaction; विवर्धनाः — increasing; रस्याः — juicy; स्निग्धाः — fatty; स्थिराः — enduring; हृद्याः — pleasing to the heart; आहाराः — food; सात्त्विक — to one in goodness; प्रियाः — palatable.
Translation
Foods dear to those in the mode of goodness increase the duration of life, purify one’s existence and give strength, health, happiness and satisfaction. Such foods are juicy, fatty, wholesome, and pleasing to the heart.
श्लोकः
कट्वम्ललवणात्युष्णतीक्ष्णरूक्षविदाहिनः ।
आहारा राजसस्येष्टा दुःखशोकामयप्रदाः ॥ 9 ॥
Meaning
कटु — bitter; अम्ल — sour; लवण — salty; अति-उष्ण — very hot; तीक्ष्ण — pungent; रूक्ष — dry; विदाहिनः — burning; आहाराः — food; राजसस्य — to one in the mode of passion; इष्टाः — palatable; दुःख — distress; शोक — misery; आमय — disease; प्रदाः — causing.
Translation
Foods that are too bitter, too sour, salty, hot, pungent, dry and burning are dear to those in the mode of passion. Such foods cause distress, misery and disease.
श्लोकः
यातयामं गतरसं पूति पर्युषितं च यत् ।
उच्छिष्टमपि चामेध्यं भोजनं तामसप्रियम् ॥ 10 ॥
Meaning
यात-यामम् — food cooked three hours before being eaten; गत-रसम् — tasteless; पूति — bad-smelling; पर्युषितम् — decomposed; च — also; यत् — that which; उच्चिष्टम् — remnants of food eaten by others; अपि — also; च — and; अमेध्यम् — untouchable; भोजनम् — eating; तामस — to one in the mode of darkness; प्रियम् — dear.
Translation
Food prepared more than three hours before being eaten, food that is tasteless, decomposed and putrid, and food consisting of remnants and untouchable things is dear to those in the mode of darkness.
श्लोकः
अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिर्यज्ञो विधिदिष्टो य इज्यते ।
यष्टव्यमेवेति मनः समाधाय स सात्त्विकः ॥ 11 ॥
Meaning
अफल-आकाङ्क्षिभिः — by those devoid of desire for result; यज्ञः — sacrifice; विधि-दिष्टः — according to the direction of scripture; यः — which; इज्यते — is performed; यष्टव्यम् — must be performed; एव — certainly; इति — thus; मनः — mind; समाधाय — fixing; सः — it; सात्त्विकः — in the mode of goodness.
Translation
Of sacrifices, the sacrifice performed according to the directions of scripture, as a matter of duty, by those who desire no reward, is of the nature of goodness.
श्लोकः
अभिसन्धाय तु फलं दम्भार्थमपि चैव यत् ।
इज्यते भरतश्रेष्ठ तं यज्ञं विद्धि राजसम् ॥ 12 ॥
Meaning
अभिसन्धाय — desiring; तु — but; फलम् — the result; दम्भ — pride; अर्थम् — for the sake of; अपि — also; च — and; एव — certainly; यत् — that which; इज्यते — is performed; भरत-श्रेष्ठ — O chief of the Bhāratas; तम् — that; यज्ञम् — sacrifice; विद्धि — know; राजसम् — in the mode of passion.
Translation
But the sacrifice performed for some material benefit, or for the sake of pride, O chief of the Bhāratas, you should know to be in the mode of passion.
श्लोकः
विधिहीनमसृष्टान्नं मन्त्रहीनमदक्षिणम् ।
श्रद्धाविरहितं यज्ञं तामसं परिचक्षते ॥ 13 ॥
Meaning
विधि-हीनम् — without scriptural direction; असृष्ट-अन्नम् — without distribution of prasādam; मन्त्र-हीनम् — with no chanting of the Vedic hymns; अदक्षिणम् — with no remunerations to the priests; श्रद्धा — faith; विरहितम् — without; यज्ञम् — sacrifice; तामसम् — in the mode of ignorance; परिचक्षते — is to be considered.
Translation
Any sacrifice performed without regard for the directions of scripture, without distribution of prasādam [spiritual food], without chanting of Vedic hymns and remunerations to the priests, and without faith is considered to be in the mode of ignorance.
श्लोकः
देवद्विजगुरुप्राज्ञपूजनं शौचमार्जवम् ।
ब्रह्मचर्यमहिंसा च शारीरं तप उच्यते ॥ 14 ॥
Meaning
देव — of the Supreme Lord; द्विज — the brāhmaṇas; गुरु — the spiritual master; प्राज्ञ — and worshipable personalities; पूजनम् — worship; शौचम् — cleanliness; आर्जवम् — simplicity; ब्रह्मचर्यम् — celibacy; अहिंसा — nonviolence; च — also; शारीरम् — pertaining to the body; तपः — austerity; उच्यते — is said to be.
Translation
Austerity of the body consists in worship of the Supreme Lord, the brāhmaṇas, the spiritual master, and superiors like the father and mother, and in cleanliness, simplicity, celibacy and nonviolence.
श्लोकः
अनुद्वेगकरं वाक्यं सत्यं प्रियहितं च यत् ।
स्वाध्यायाभ्यसनं चैव वाङ्मयं तप उच्यते ॥ 15 ॥
Meaning
अनुद्वेग-करम् — not agitating; वाक्यम् — words; सत्यम् — truthful; प्रिय — dear; हितम् — beneficial; च — also; यत् — which; स्वाध्याय — of Vedic study; अभ्यसनम् — practice; च — also; एव — certainly; वाक्-मयम् — of the voice; तपः — austerity; उच्यते — is said to be.
Translation
Austerity of speech consists in speaking words that are truthful, pleasing, beneficial, and not agitating to others, and also in regularly reciting Vedic literature.
श्लोकः
मनःप्रसादः सौम्यत्वं मौनमात्मविनिग्रहः ।
भावसंशउद्धिरित्येतत्तपो मानसमुच्यते ॥ 16 ॥
Meaning
मनः-प्रसादः — satisfaction of the mind; सौम्यत्वम् — being without duplicity towards others; मौनम् — gravity; आत्म — of the self; विनिग्रहः — control; भाव — of one’s nature; संशुद्धिः — purification; इति — thus; एतत् — this; तपः — austerity; मानसम् — of the mind; उच्यते — is said to be.
Translation
And satisfaction, simplicity, gravity, self-control and purification of one’s existence are the austerities of the mind.
श्लोकः
श्रद्धया परया तप्तं तपस्तत्त्रिविधं नरैः ।
अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिर्युक्तैः सात्त्विकं परिचक्षते ॥ 17 ॥
Meaning
श्रद्धया — with faith; परया — transcendental; तप्तम् — executed; तपः — austerity; तत् — that; त्रि-विधम् — of three kinds; नरैः — by men; अफल-आकाङ्क्षिभिः — who are without desires for fruits; युक्तैः — engaged; सात्त्विकम् — in the mode of goodness; परिचक्षते — is called.
Translation
This threefold austerity, performed with transcendental faith by men not expecting material benefits but engaged only for the sake of the Supreme, is called austerity in goodness.
श्लोकः
सत्कारमानपूजार्थं तपो दम्भेन चैव यत् ।
क्रियते तदिह प्रोक्तं राजसं चलमध्रुवम् ॥ 18 ॥
Meaning
सत्-कार — respect; मान — honor; पूजा — and worship; अर्थम् — for the sake of; तपः — austerity; दम्भेन — with pride; च — also; एव — certainly; यत् — which; क्रियते — is performed; तत् — that; इह — in this world; प्रोक्तम् — is said; राजसम् — in the mode of passion; चलम् — flickering; अध्रुवम् — temporary.
Translation
Penance performed out of pride and for the sake of gaining respect, honor and worship is said to be in the mode of passion. It is neither stable nor permanent.
श्लोकः
मूढग्राहेणात्मनो यत्पीडया क्रियते तपः ।
परस्योत्सादनार्थं वा तत्तामसमुदाहृतम् ॥ 19 ॥
Meaning
मूढ — foolish; ग्राहेण — with endeavor; आत्मनः — of one’s own self; यत् — which; पीडया — by torture; क्रियते — is performed; तपः — penance; परस्य — to others; उत्सादन-अर्थम् — for the sake of causing annihilation; वा — or; तत् — that; तामसम् — in the mode of darkness; उदाहृतम् — is said to be.
Translation
Penance performed out of foolishness, with self-torture or to destroy or injure others, is said to be in the mode of ignorance.
श्लोकः
दातव्यमिति यद्दानं दीयतेऽनुपकारिणे ।
देशे काले च पात्रे च तद्दानं सात्त्विकं स्मृतम् ॥ 20 ॥
Meaning
दातव्यम् — worth giving; इति — thus; यत् — that which; दानम् — charity; दीयते — is given; अनुपकारिणे — irrespective of return; देशे — in a proper place; काले — at a proper time; च — also; पात्रे — to a suitable person; च — and; तत् — that; दानम् — charity; सात्त्विकम् — in the mode of goodness; स्मृतम् — is considered.
Translation
Charity given out of duty, without expectation of return, at the proper time and place, and to a worthy person is considered to be in the mode of goodness.
श्लोकः
यत्तु प्रत्युपकारार्थं फलमुद्दिश्य वा पुनः ।
दीयते च परिक्लइष्टं तद्दानं राजसं स्मृतम् ॥ 21 ॥
Meaning
यत् — that which; तु — but; प्रति-उपकार-अर्थम् — for the sake of getting some return; फलम् — a result; उद्दिश्य — desiring; वा — or; पुनः — again; दीयते — is given; च — also; परिक्लिष्टम् — grudgingly; तत् — that; दानम् — charity; राजसम् — in the mode of passion; स्मृतम् — is understood to be.
Translation
But charity performed with the expectation of some return, or with a desire for fruitive results, or in a grudging mood is said to be charity in the mode of passion.
श्लोकः
अदेशकाले यद्दानमपात्रेभ्यश्च दीयते ।
असत्कृतमवज्ञातं तत्तामसमुदाहृतम् ॥ 22 ॥
Meaning
अदेश — at an unpurified place; काले — and unpurified time; यत् — that which; दानम् — charity; अपात्रेभ्यः — to unworthy persons; च — also; दीयते — is given; असत्-कृतम् — without respect; अवज्ञातम् — without proper attention; तत् — that; तामसम् — in the mode of darkness; उदाहृतम् — is said to be.
Translation
And charity performed at an impure place, at an improper time, to unworthy persons, or without proper attention and respect is said to be in the mode of ignorance.
श्लोकः
ॐ तत्सदिति निर्देशो ब्रह्मणस्त्रिविधः स्मृतः ।
ब्राह्मणास्तेन वेदाश्च यज्ञाश्च विहिताः पुरा ॥ 23 ॥
Meaning
ॐ — indication of the Supreme; तत् — that; सत् — eternal; इति — thus; निर्देशः — indication; ब्रह्मणः — of the Supreme; त्रि-विधः — threefold; स्मृतः — is considered; ब्राह्मणाः — the brāhmaṇas; तेन — with that; वेदाः — the Vedic literature; च — also; यज्ञाः — sacrifice; च — also; विहिताः — used; पुरा — formerly.
Translation
From the beginning of creation, the three words oM tat sat were used to indicate the Supreme Absolute Truth. These three symbolic representations were used by brāhmaṇas while chanting the hymns of the Vedas and during sacrifices for the satisfaction of the Supreme.
श्लोकः
तस्माद् ॐ इत्युदाहृत्य यज्ञदानतपःक्रियाः ।
प्रवर्तन्ते विधानोक्ताः सततं ब्रह्मवादिनाम् ॥ 24 ॥
Meaning
तस्मात् — therefore; ॐ — beginning with oM; इति — thus; उदाहृत्य — indicating; यज्ञ — of sacrifice; दान — charity; तपः — and penance; क्रियाः — performances; प्रवर्तन्ते — begin; विधान-उक्ताः — according to scriptural regulation; सततम् — always; ब्रह्म-वादिनाम् — of the transcendentalists.
Translation
Therefore, transcendentalists undertaking performances of sacrifice, charity and penance in accordance with scriptural regulations begin always with oM, to attain the Supreme.
श्लोकः
तदित्यनभिसन्धाय फलं यज्ञतपःक्रियाः ।
दानक्रियाश्च विविधाः क्रियन्ते मोक्षकाङ्क्षिभिः ॥ 25 ॥
Meaning
तत् — that; इति — thus; अनभिसन्धाय — without desiring; फलम् — the fruitive result; यज्ञ — of sacrifice; तपः — and penance; क्रियाः — activities; दान — of charity; क्रियाः — activities; च — also; विविधाः — various; क्रियन्ते — are done; मोक्ष-काङ्क्षिभिः — by those who actually desire liberation.
Translation
Without desiring fruitive results, one should perform various kinds of sacrifice, penance and charity with the word tat. The purpose of such transcendental activities is to get free from material entanglement.
श्लोकः
सद्भआवे साधुभावे च सदित्येतत्प्रयुज्यते ।
प्रशस्ते कर्मणि तथा सच्छब्दः पार्थ युज्यते ॥ 26 ॥
यज्ञे तपसि दाने च स्थितिः सदिति चोच्यते ।
कर्म चैव तदर्थीयं सदित्येवाभिधीयते ॥ 27 ॥
Meaning
सत्-भावे — in the sense of the nature of the Supreme; साधु-भावे — in the sense of the nature of the devotee; च — also; सत् — the word sat; इति — thus; एतत् — this; प्रयुज्यते — is used; प्रशस्ते — in bona fide; कर्मणि — activities; तथा — also; सत्-शब्दः — the sound sat; पार्थ — O son of Prithā; युज्यते — is used; यज्ञे — in sacrifice; तपसि — in penance; दाने — in charity; च — also; स्थितिः — the situation; सत् — the Supreme; इति — thus; च — and; उच्यते — is pronounced; कर्म — work; च — also; एव — certainly; तत् — for that; अर्थीयम् — meant; सत् — the Supreme; इति — thus; एव — certainly; अभिधीयते — is indicated.
Translation
The Absolute Truth is the objective of devotional sacrifice, and it is indicated by the word sat. The performer of such sacrifice is also called sat, as are all works of sacrifice, penance and charity which, true to the absolute nature, are performed to please the Supreme Person, O son of Prithā.
श्लोकः
अश्रद्धया हुतं दत्तं तपस्तप्तं कृतं च यत् ।
असदित्युच्यते पार्थ न च तत्प्रेत्य नो इह ॥ 28 ॥
Meaning
अश्रद्धया — without faith; हुतम् — offered in sacrifice; दत्तम् — given; तपः — penance; तप्तम् — executed; कृतम् — performed; च — also; यत् — that which; असत् — false; इति — thus; उच्यते — is said to be; पार्थ — O son of Prithā; न — never; च — also; तत् — that; प्रेत्य — after death; न उ — nor; इह — in this life.
Translation
Anything done as sacrifice, charity or penance without faith in the Supreme, O son of Prithā, is impermanent. It is called asat and is useless both in this life and the next.
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