ślōkaḥ
arjuna uvācha
yē śāstravidhimutsṛjya yajantē śraddhayānvitāḥ ।
tēṣāṃ niṣṭhā tu kā kṛṣṇa sattvamāhō rajastamaḥ ॥ 1 ॥
Meaning
arjunaḥ uvācha — Arjuna said; yē — those who; śāstra-vidhim — the regulations of scripture; utsṛjya — giving up; yajantē — worship; śraddhayā — full faith; anvitāḥ — possessed of; tēṣām — of them; niṣṭhā — the faith; tu — but; kā — what; kṛṣṇa — O Kriṣṇa; sattvam — in goodness; āhō — or else; rajaḥ — in passion; tamaḥ — in ignorance.
Translation
Arjuna inquired: O Kriṣṇa, what is the situation of those who do not follow the principles of scripture but worship according to their own imagination? Are they in goodness, in passion or in ignorance?
ślōkaḥ
śrībhagavānuvācha
trividhā bhavati śraddhā dēhināṃ sā svabhāvajā ।
sāttvikī rājasī chaiva tāmasī chēti tāṃ śaṛṇu ॥ 2 ॥
Meaning
śrī-bhagavān uvācha — the Supreme Personality of Godhead said; tri-vidhā — of three kinds; bhavati — becomes; śraddhā — the faith; dēhinām — of the embodied; sā — that; sva-bhāva-jā — according to his mode of material nature; sāttvikī — in the mode of goodness; rājasī — in the mode of passion; cha — also; ēva — certainly; tāmasī — in the mode of ignorance; cha — and; iti — thus; tām — that; śṛṇu — hear from Me.
Translation
The Supreme Personality of Godhead said: According to the modes of nature acquired by the embodied soul, one’s faith can be of three kinds – in goodness, in passion or in ignorance. Now hear about this.
ślōkaḥ
sattvānurūpā sarvasya śraddhā bhavati bhārata ।
śraddhāmayō'yaṃ puruṣō yō yachChraddhaḥ sa ēva saḥ ॥ 3 ॥
Meaning
sattva-anurūpā — according to the existence; sarvasya — of everyone; śraddhā — faith; bhavati — becomes; bhārata — O son of Bharata; śraddhā — faith; mayaḥ — full of; ayam — this; puruṣaḥ — living entity; yaḥ — who; yat — having which; śraddhaḥ — faith; saḥ — thus; ēva — certainly; saḥ — he.
Translation
O son of Bharata, according to one’s existence under the various modes of nature, one evolves a particular kind of faith. The living being is said to be of a particular faith according to the modes he has acquired.
ślōkaḥ
yajantē sāttvikā dēvānyakṣarakṣāṃsi rājasāḥ ।
prētānbhūtagaṇāṃśchānyē yajantē tāmasā janāḥ ॥ 4 ॥
Meaning
yajantē — worship; sāttvikāḥ — those who are in the mode of goodness; dēvān — demigods; yakṣa-rakṣāṃsi — demons; rājasāḥ — those who are in the mode of passion; prētān — spirits of the dead; bhūta-gaṇān — ghosts; cha — and; anyē — others; yajantē — worship; tāmasāḥ — in the mode of ignorance; janāḥ — people.
Translation
Men in the mode of goodness worship the demigods; those in the mode of passion worship the demons; and those in the mode of ignorance worship ghosts and spirits.
ślōkaḥ
aśāstravihitaṃ ghōraṃ tapyantē yē tapō janāḥ ।
dambhāhaṅkārasaṃyuktāḥ kāmarāgabalānvitāḥ ॥ 5 ॥
karṣayantaḥ śarīrasthaṃ bhūtagrāmamachētasaḥ ।
māṃ chaivāntaḥ śarīrasthaṃ tānviddhyāsuraniśchayān ॥ 6 ॥
Meaning
aśāstra — not in the scriptures; vihitam — directed; ghōram — harmful to others; tapyantē — undergo; yē — those who; tapaḥ — austerities; janāḥ — persons; dambha — with pride; ahaṅkāra — and egoism; saṃyuktāḥ — engaged; kāma — of lust; rāga — and attachment; bala — by the force; anvitāḥ — impelled; karṣayantaḥ — tormenting; śarīra-stham — situated within the body; bhūta-grāmam — the combination of material elements; achētasaḥ — having a misled mentality; mām — Me; cha — also; ēva — certainly; antaḥ — within; śarīra-stham — situated in the body; tān — them; viddhi — understand; āsura-niśchayān — demons.
Translation
Those who undergo severe austerities and penances not recommended in the scriptures, performing them out of pride and egoism, who are impelled by lust and attachment, who are foolish and who torture the material elements of the body as well as the Supersoul dwelling within, are to be known as demons.
ślōkaḥ
āhārastvapi sarvasya trividhō bhavati priyaḥ ।
yajñastapastathā dānaṃ tēṣāṃ bhēdamimaṃ śaṛṇu ॥ 7 ॥
Meaning
āhāraḥ — eating; tu — certainly; api — also; sarvasya — of everyone; tri-vidhaḥ — of three kinds; bhavati — there is; priyaḥ — dear; yajñaḥ — sacrifice; tapaḥ — austerity; tathā — also; dānam — charity; tēṣām — of them; bhēdam — the differences; imam — this; śṛṇu — hear.
Translation
Even the food each person prefers is of three kinds, according to the three modes of material nature. The same is true of sacrifices, austerities and charity. Now hear of the distinctions between them.
ślōkaḥ
āyuḥsattvabalārōgyasukhaprītivivardhanāḥ ।
rasyāḥ snigdhāḥ sthirā hṛdyā āhārāḥ sāttvikapriyāḥ ॥ 8 ॥
Meaning
āyuḥ — duration of life; sattva — existence; bala — strength; ārōgya — health; sukha — happiness; prīti — and satisfaction; vivardhanāḥ — increasing; rasyāḥ — juicy; snigdhāḥ — fatty; sthirāḥ — enduring; hṛdyāḥ — pleasing to the heart; āhārāḥ — food; sāttvika — to one in goodness; priyāḥ — palatable.
Translation
Foods dear to those in the mode of goodness increase the duration of life, purify one’s existence and give strength, health, happiness and satisfaction. Such foods are juicy, fatty, wholesome, and pleasing to the heart.
ślōkaḥ
kaṭvamlalavaṇātyuṣṇatīkṣṇarūkṣavidāhinaḥ ।
āhārā rājasasyēṣṭā duḥkhaśōkāmayapradāḥ ॥ 9 ॥
Meaning
kaṭu — bitter; amla — sour; lavaṇa — salty; ati-uṣṇa — very hot; tīkṣṇa — pungent; rūkṣa — dry; vidāhinaḥ — burning; āhārāḥ — food; rājasasya — to one in the mode of passion; iṣṭāḥ — palatable; duḥkha — distress; śōka — misery; āmaya — disease; pradāḥ — causing.
Translation
Foods that are too bitter, too sour, salty, hot, pungent, dry and burning are dear to those in the mode of passion. Such foods cause distress, misery and disease.
ślōkaḥ
yātayāmaṃ gatarasaṃ pūti paryuṣitaṃ cha yat ।
uchChiṣṭamapi chāmēdhyaṃ bhōjanaṃ tāmasapriyam ॥ 10 ॥
Meaning
yāta-yāmam — food cooked three hours before being eaten; gata-rasam — tasteless; pūti — bad-smelling; paryuṣitam — decomposed; cha — also; yat — that which; uchchiṣṭam — remnants of food eaten by others; api — also; cha — and; amēdhyam — untouchable; bhōjanam — eating; tāmasa — to one in the mode of darkness; priyam — dear.
Translation
Food prepared more than three hours before being eaten, food that is tasteless, decomposed and putrid, and food consisting of remnants and untouchable things is dear to those in the mode of darkness.
ślōkaḥ
aphalākāṅkṣibhiryajñō vidhidiṣṭō ya ijyatē ।
yaṣṭavyamēvēti manaḥ samādhāya sa sāttvikaḥ ॥ 11 ॥
Meaning
aphala-ākāṅkṣibhiḥ — by those devoid of desire for result; yajñaḥ — sacrifice; vidhi-diṣṭaḥ — according to the direction of scripture; yaḥ — which; ijyatē — is performed; yaṣṭavyam — must be performed; ēva — certainly; iti — thus; manaḥ — mind; samādhāya — fixing; saḥ — it; sāttvikaḥ — in the mode of goodness.
Translation
Of sacrifices, the sacrifice performed according to the directions of scripture, as a matter of duty, by those who desire no reward, is of the nature of goodness.
ślōkaḥ
abhisandhāya tu phalaṃ dambhārthamapi chaiva yat ।
ijyatē bharataśrēṣṭha taṃ yajñaṃ viddhi rājasam ॥ 12 ॥
Meaning
abhisandhāya — desiring; tu — but; phalam — the result; dambha — pride; artham — for the sake of; api — also; cha — and; ēva — certainly; yat — that which; ijyatē — is performed; bharata-śrēṣṭha — O chief of the Bhāratas; tam — that; yajñam — sacrifice; viddhi — know; rājasam — in the mode of passion.
Translation
But the sacrifice performed for some material benefit, or for the sake of pride, O chief of the Bhāratas, you should know to be in the mode of passion.
ślōkaḥ
vidhihīnamasṛṣṭānnaṃ mantrahīnamadakṣiṇam ।
śraddhāvirahitaṃ yajñaṃ tāmasaṃ parichakṣatē ॥ 13 ॥
Meaning
vidhi-hīnam — without scriptural direction; asṛṣṭa-annam — without distribution of prasādam; mantra-hīnam — with no chanting of the Vedic hymns; adakṣiṇam — with no remunerations to the priests; śraddhā — faith; virahitam — without; yajñam — sacrifice; tāmasam — in the mode of ignorance; parichakṣatē — is to be considered.
Translation
Any sacrifice performed without regard for the directions of scripture, without distribution of prasādam [spiritual food], without chanting of Vedic hymns and remunerations to the priests, and without faith is considered to be in the mode of ignorance.
ślōkaḥ
dēvadvijaguruprājñapūjanaṃ śauchamārjavam ।
brahmacharyamahiṃsā cha śārīraṃ tapa uchyatē ॥ 14 ॥
Meaning
dēva — of the Supreme Lord; dvija — the brāhmaṇas; guru — the spiritual master; prājña — and worshipable personalities; pūjanam — worship; śaucham — cleanliness; ārjavam — simplicity; brahmacharyam — celibacy; ahiṃsā — nonviolence; cha — also; śārīram — pertaining to the body; tapaḥ — austerity; uchyatē — is said to be.
Translation
Austerity of the body consists in worship of the Supreme Lord, the brāhmaṇas, the spiritual master, and superiors like the father and mother, and in cleanliness, simplicity, celibacy and nonviolence.
ślōkaḥ
anudvēgakaraṃ vākyaṃ satyaṃ priyahitaṃ cha yat ।
svādhyāyābhyasanaṃ chaiva vāṅmayaṃ tapa uchyatē ॥ 15 ॥
Meaning
anudvēga-karam — not agitating; vākyam — words; satyam — truthful; priya — dear; hitam — beneficial; cha — also; yat — which; svādhyāya — of Vedic study; abhyasanam — practice; cha — also; ēva — certainly; vāk-mayam — of the voice; tapaḥ — austerity; uchyatē — is said to be.
Translation
Austerity of speech consists in speaking words that are truthful, pleasing, beneficial, and not agitating to others, and also in regularly reciting Vedic literature.
ślōkaḥ
manaḥprasādaḥ saumyatvaṃ maunamātmavinigrahaḥ ।
bhāvasaṃśauddhirityētattapō mānasamuchyatē ॥ 16 ॥
Meaning
manaḥ-prasādaḥ — satisfaction of the mind; saumyatvam — being without duplicity towards others; maunam — gravity; ātma — of the self; vinigrahaḥ — control; bhāva — of one’s nature; saṃśuddhiḥ — purification; iti — thus; ētat — this; tapaḥ — austerity; mānasam — of the mind; uchyatē — is said to be.
Translation
And satisfaction, simplicity, gravity, self-control and purification of one’s existence are the austerities of the mind.
ślōkaḥ
śraddhayā parayā taptaṃ tapastattrividhaṃ naraiḥ ।
aphalākāṅkṣibhiryuktaiḥ sāttvikaṃ parichakṣatē ॥ 17 ॥
Meaning
śraddhayā — with faith; parayā — transcendental; taptam — executed; tapaḥ — austerity; tat — that; tri-vidham — of three kinds; naraiḥ — by men; aphala-ākāṅkṣibhiḥ — who are without desires for fruits; yuktaiḥ — engaged; sāttvikam — in the mode of goodness; parichakṣatē — is called.
Translation
This threefold austerity, performed with transcendental faith by men not expecting material benefits but engaged only for the sake of the Supreme, is called austerity in goodness.
ślōkaḥ
satkāramānapūjārthaṃ tapō dambhēna chaiva yat ।
kriyatē tadiha prōktaṃ rājasaṃ chalamadhruvam ॥ 18 ॥
Meaning
sat-kāra — respect; māna — honor; pūjā — and worship; artham — for the sake of; tapaḥ — austerity; dambhēna — with pride; cha — also; ēva — certainly; yat — which; kriyatē — is performed; tat — that; iha — in this world; prōktam — is said; rājasam — in the mode of passion; chalam — flickering; adhruvam — temporary.
Translation
Penance performed out of pride and for the sake of gaining respect, honor and worship is said to be in the mode of passion. It is neither stable nor permanent.
ślōkaḥ
mūḍhagrāhēṇātmanō yatpīḍayā kriyatē tapaḥ ।
parasyōtsādanārthaṃ vā tattāmasamudāhṛtam ॥ 19 ॥
Meaning
mūḍha — foolish; grāhēṇa — with endeavor; ātmanaḥ — of one’s own self; yat — which; pīḍayā — by torture; kriyatē — is performed; tapaḥ — penance; parasya — to others; utsādana-artham — for the sake of causing annihilation; vā — or; tat — that; tāmasam — in the mode of darkness; udāhṛtam — is said to be.
Translation
Penance performed out of foolishness, with self-torture or to destroy or injure others, is said to be in the mode of ignorance.
ślōkaḥ
dātavyamiti yaddānaṃ dīyatē'nupakāriṇē ।
dēśē kālē cha pātrē cha taddānaṃ sāttvikaṃ smṛtam ॥ 20 ॥
Meaning
dātavyam — worth giving; iti — thus; yat — that which; dānam — charity; dīyatē — is given; anupakāriṇē — irrespective of return; dēśē — in a proper place; kālē — at a proper time; cha — also; pātrē — to a suitable person; cha — and; tat — that; dānam — charity; sāttvikam — in the mode of goodness; smṛtam — is considered.
Translation
Charity given out of duty, without expectation of return, at the proper time and place, and to a worthy person is considered to be in the mode of goodness.
ślōkaḥ
yattu pratyupakārārthaṃ phalamuddiśya vā punaḥ ।
dīyatē cha pariklaiṣṭaṃ taddānaṃ rājasaṃ smṛtam ॥ 21 ॥
Meaning
yat — that which; tu — but; prati-upakāra-artham — for the sake of getting some return; phalam — a result; uddiśya — desiring; vā — or; punaḥ — again; dīyatē — is given; cha — also; parikliṣṭam — grudgingly; tat — that; dānam — charity; rājasam — in the mode of passion; smṛtam — is understood to be.
Translation
But charity performed with the expectation of some return, or with a desire for fruitive results, or in a grudging mood is said to be charity in the mode of passion.
ślōkaḥ
adēśakālē yaddānamapātrēbhyaścha dīyatē ।
asatkṛtamavajñātaṃ tattāmasamudāhṛtam ॥ 22 ॥
Meaning
adēśa — at an unpurified place; kālē — and unpurified time; yat — that which; dānam — charity; apātrēbhyaḥ — to unworthy persons; cha — also; dīyatē — is given; asat-kṛtam — without respect; avajñātam — without proper attention; tat — that; tāmasam — in the mode of darkness; udāhṛtam — is said to be.
Translation
And charity performed at an impure place, at an improper time, to unworthy persons, or without proper attention and respect is said to be in the mode of ignorance.
ślōkaḥ
ōṃ tatsaditi nirdēśō brahmaṇastrividhaḥ smṛtaḥ ।
brāhmaṇāstēna vēdāścha yajñāścha vihitāḥ purā ॥ 23 ॥
Meaning
ōṃ — indication of the Supreme; tat — that; sat — eternal; iti — thus; nirdēśaḥ — indication; brahmaṇaḥ — of the Supreme; tri-vidhaḥ — threefold; smṛtaḥ — is considered; brāhmaṇāḥ — the brāhmaṇas; tēna — with that; vēdāḥ — the Vedic literature; cha — also; yajñāḥ — sacrifice; cha — also; vihitāḥ — used; purā — formerly.
Translation
From the beginning of creation, the three words oM tat sat were used to indicate the Supreme Absolute Truth. These three symbolic representations were used by brāhmaṇas while chanting the hymns of the Vedas and during sacrifices for the satisfaction of the Supreme.
ślōkaḥ
tasmād ōṃ ityudāhṛtya yajñadānatapaḥkriyāḥ ।
pravartantē vidhānōktāḥ satataṃ brahmavādinām ॥ 24 ॥
Meaning
tasmāt — therefore; ōṃ — beginning with oM; iti — thus; udāhṛtya — indicating; yajña — of sacrifice; dāna — charity; tapaḥ — and penance; kriyāḥ — performances; pravartantē — begin; vidhāna-uktāḥ — according to scriptural regulation; satatam — always; brahma-vādinām — of the transcendentalists.
Translation
Therefore, transcendentalists undertaking performances of sacrifice, charity and penance in accordance with scriptural regulations begin always with oM, to attain the Supreme.
ślōkaḥ
tadityanabhisandhāya phalaṃ yajñatapaḥkriyāḥ ।
dānakriyāścha vividhāḥ kriyantē mōkṣakāṅkṣibhiḥ ॥ 25 ॥
Meaning
tat — that; iti — thus; anabhisandhāya — without desiring; phalam — the fruitive result; yajña — of sacrifice; tapaḥ — and penance; kriyāḥ — activities; dāna — of charity; kriyāḥ — activities; cha — also; vividhāḥ — various; kriyantē — are done; mōkṣa-kāṅkṣibhiḥ — by those who actually desire liberation.
Translation
Without desiring fruitive results, one should perform various kinds of sacrifice, penance and charity with the word tat. The purpose of such transcendental activities is to get free from material entanglement.
ślōkaḥ
sadbhaāvē sādhubhāvē cha sadityētatprayujyatē ।
praśastē karmaṇi tathā sachChabdaḥ pārtha yujyatē ॥ 26 ॥
yajñē tapasi dānē cha sthitiḥ saditi chōchyatē ।
karma chaiva tadarthīyaṃ sadityēvābhidhīyatē ॥ 27 ॥
Meaning
sat-bhāvē — in the sense of the nature of the Supreme; sādhu-bhāvē — in the sense of the nature of the devotee; cha — also; sat — the word sat; iti — thus; ētat — this; prayujyatē — is used; praśastē — in bona fide; karmaṇi — activities; tathā — also; sat-śabdaḥ — the sound sat; pārtha — O son of Prithā; yujyatē — is used; yajñē — in sacrifice; tapasi — in penance; dānē — in charity; cha — also; sthitiḥ — the situation; sat — the Supreme; iti — thus; cha — and; uchyatē — is pronounced; karma — work; cha — also; ēva — certainly; tat — for that; arthīyam — meant; sat — the Supreme; iti — thus; ēva — certainly; abhidhīyatē — is indicated.
Translation
The Absolute Truth is the objective of devotional sacrifice, and it is indicated by the word sat. The performer of such sacrifice is also called sat, as are all works of sacrifice, penance and charity which, true to the absolute nature, are performed to please the Supreme Person, O son of Prithā.
ślōkaḥ
aśraddhayā hutaṃ dattaṃ tapastaptaṃ kṛtaṃ cha yat ।
asadityuchyatē pārtha na cha tatprētya nō iha ॥ 28 ॥
Meaning
aśraddhayā — without faith; hutam — offered in sacrifice; dattam — given; tapaḥ — penance; taptam — executed; kṛtam — performed; cha — also; yat — that which; asat — false; iti — thus; uchyatē — is said to be; pārtha — O son of Prithā; na — never; cha — also; tat — that; prētya — after death; na u — nor; iha — in this life.
Translation
Anything done as sacrifice, charity or penance without faith in the Supreme, O son of Prithā, is impermanent. It is called asat and is useless both in this life and the next.
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